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ENGLISH HISTORY 



IN RHYME. 



BY 

MRS. CHARLES H. GARDNER, 

PRINCIPAL OF SCHOOL FOR YOUNG LADIES, 

603 FIFTH AVENUE, 

NEW YORK CITY. 



REVISED EDITION. 



NEW YORK: 
PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR. 

1885. 






Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1S84, by 

Mary Russell Gardner, 

In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 



6 516 3 

FEB 1 7 1341 






Press of J. J. Little & Co., 
Nos. ro to 20 Astor Place, New York. 






PREFACE. 



This Metrical Summary is one of a series, prepared, or in 
course of preparation, for use in schools, or for those who wish 
to memorize in a short time, and in an easy manner, the 
principal dates and events of history. 

Its practical value has been tested in my own school, where 
I have used it in connection with a text-book. Pupils enjoy 
reciting it, and, when once learned, it is not readily forgotten. 

The genealogical part of this second edition contains in- 
formation not given elsewhere in any one book, and affords an 
answer to every question on the subject which would naturally 
arise. 

The Scottish tables are unique, and are quite necessary in 
properly understanding many portions of the chronicles of 
England as well as of Scotland. 

However skeptical some teachers may be, as to the mne- 
monic value of this method of study, all doubt will disappear 
upon a trial of its merits. A great point gained is that pupils 
take hold of the rhyme with enthusiasm, and do not realize 
while they are learning it that they are surmounting difficulties 
which have remained unconquered, except by those who have 
a phenomenal memory. 

Mary Russell Gardner. 
603 Fifth Avenue, 
May, 1SS5. 



ENGLISH HISTORY IN RHYME. 



BRITISH AND ROMAN PERIOD (B.C. 55 TO A.D. 449). 

From conquered Gaul, victorious Caesar crossed the belt of sea, juiiusCcesar 
To meet on Britain's fabled shore the swarming enemy. 55 B,c - 

He made no lasting conquest, and a hundred years had fled, 
Ere Claudius, in forty-three, another army led. 
Suetonius, at Mona, laid the Druid altars low : 
Agricola accomplished Southern Britain's overthrow. 
In later times- the Britons, by the Scots and Picts annoyed, 
Besought the helping hand of Rome; her legions were em- 
ployed 
In driving back invading Goths ; so, fair-haired Saxons came, 
And kindred Angles found a home to which they gave a name. 
To these untamed idolators by Gregory was sent 
The monk Augustine, who declared the Christian faith in Kent. 



Claudius. 

43 A.D. 



Agricola. 

78 A.D. 



SAXON PERIOD (449 TO 1066). 

The Saxon Heptarchy comprised Northumbria, Mercia, 
With Kent and Essex, Wessex, Sussex and East Anglia ; 
By Egbert, in eight-twenty-seven, the parts were all com- 
bined. 
Then Ethelwolf and Ethelbald and Ethelbert we find, 
With Ethelred ; and in the year eight hundred seventy-one 
By good, sagacious Alfred, England's glory was begun. 
In fierce encounter with the Dane, their blood-red flag went 

down, 
And in administrative art, he won no less renown. 



Egbert. 
827. 



Alfred. 
871. 



6 

Edward. His son, the earliest Edward, came ; the valiant Athelstan, 
And Edmund the Magnificent ; then Edred's rule began. 
The death of Edwy's lovely wife was laid to Dunstan's charge: 
Edgar. Eight tributary kings were found, to row King Edgar's barge. 
Succeeding martyred Edward by Elfrida foully slain, 
Was Second Ethelred, who fled the vengeful wrath of Sweyn. 

Canute. Brave Edmund Ironside divides his kingdom with Canute, 
The Danish and Norwegian prince, of well-deserved repute. 
His son, swift-running Harold, ruled, and then another Dane, 
Hardicanute, the second son, who had a two-years' reign. 

Conf a e r s d sir eWith Edward the Confessor came the Saxon line anew, 
1042. Regaining its supremacy, ten hundred forty-two. 

An English noble followed, Harold Second, Godwin's son, 
ml l££ L But b y William, Duke of Normandy, was Albion claimed and 
won. 

NORMAN PERIOD (1066 TO II54). 

'Twas in ten hundred sixty-six, by Hastings Battle fought, 
The stern and hated Norman rule to Anglia was brought. 
The Conqueror, with ruthless hand, all insurrections quelled, 
And gave his friends estates from which the Saxons were ex- 
pelled. 
The Feudal System soon became supreme throughout the land, 
The "Curfew" tolled the evening hour; the "Domesday 
Book" was planned. 

When William died (ten-eighty-seven), both Normandy and 
Maine 
wmiam Were ceded to his eldest son ; in England was to reign 
1087.* The younger, William Rufus — a severe, rapacious man ; 

He conquered Scottish Malcolm ; — in his time Crusades began. 
Henry 1. His brother Beauclerc followed, and by force of arms pur- 

IIOO. . J x 

loined 



From careless Robert, Normandy, which was to England 

joined. 
Prince William, Henry's son, was drowned; the sole inheritor 
Was Maud, who married Henry Fifth, the German Emperor, 
And afterwards, Plantagenet, the Earl of Anjou's son ; 
But Stephen, at the king's demise, the sceptre seized upon. Stephen. 
With lawlessness and civil war the country was astir ; 
Matilda, fighting for the crown, took Stephen prisoner. 
The latter, when restored, agreed the kingdom to award, 
Upon his death, to Henry Second, eldest son of Maud.* 

PLANTAGENET LINE (1154 TO 1485). 

This first Plantagenet was heir to vast estates in France ; Henry n. 

With Eleanor, his wife, he had her rich inheritance. 

And when (eleven hundred fifty-four) all England is his own, 

He tries to lift the burdens under which the people groan. 

The Church and Baronage are brought in fealty to the state ; 

Through stubborn opposition, proud A Becket meets his fate. 

Hibernia, the " Isle of Saints." by Strongbow is subdued ; 

And Scotland's " Lion William " yields a vassal's servitude. 

In England, Gothic temples rise, and art and learning thrive, 

But in the king's unhappy home rebellious children strive. 

In eighty-nine, King Henry died ; his son, the "Lion Heart," Richard I. 
Succeeded, and in Third Crusade with Philip f bore a part. 
On Moslem host of Saladin they dealt tremendous blows ; 
But the Christian leaders quarrelled and became so bitter foes, 
That Richard was by Leopold in Austria detained, 
And, till ransomed by the English, in captivity remained. 

His craven brother, Lackland, disregarded Arthur's claim, John. 

And, conniving at his murder, was received with scorn and II99 ' 
shame. 

* Maud or Matilda. t Philip Augustus of France. 



8 

As Philip's vassal, wicked John was summoned to explain, 
But, failing to obey the call, lost all his French domain. 
Pope Innocent compelled the king to bow to his decree, 
And " Magna Charta " guarded well the people's liberty. 

Henry in In twelve-sixteen, comes Henry Third, pacific and humane ; — 
1216. 

The kingdom suffers great distress in this protracted reign. 

For storms of civil discord rage, in council hall confer 
The mailed barons ; Lewes * fought, the king is prisoner. 
De Montfort calls a parliament, with knights from every shire, 
The delegates from cities and from boroughs first appear. 
And thus the House of Commons rose. Prince Edward's 

trusty sword, 
At Evesham, overthrew the Earl and Henry's power re- 
stored. 

Edward I This bold Crusader Edward, came, twelve hundred seventy- 
1272. , 

two ; 

He conquered Wales, and Scotland's might determined to 

subdue. 
The ruler, Alexander Third, had left no heirs direct ; 
So, one of two competitors King Edward must elect, — 
John Baliol, or Robert Bruce : — the former was preferred ; 
But Edward grew so arrogant, that Scottish pride was stirred. 
The standard of revolt was raised, the king his wrath made 

known ; 
He took the crown from Baliol, — removed the " Chair of 

Scone." 
Avenging William Wallace fled from scattered hearth-stone 

fires, 
And summoned all the clans to guard the birthright of their 

sires. 

* Pron. Lew'es. 



"The Bruce " was hunted like a deer through fen and forest 

wide, 
Till Edward, weary with the chase, and breathing vengeance, 

died. 

The stern and warlike father left a weak, unworthy child — Edward u. 

A dissipated trifler, by his favorites beguiled. 

The Scots, inspired by Robert Bruce, triumphant in their turn, 

Put England's chivalry to flight, on field of Bannockburn. 

This victory, to Scotland her enfranchisement secured ; 

But greater shame and misery the hapless king endured ; 

For factious nobles, Mortimer and Edward's guilty wife, 

Most cruelly deprived him of authority and life. 

In thirteen hundred twenty-seven, succeeded Edward Third ; Edwardin. 
Base Mortimer and Isabelle due punishment incurred. 
Young David wore the Scottish crown his father Robert won ; 
But Edward chose as vassal king the former Baliol's son, 
Repulsed the Scots at Halidon Hill ; compelled their king to 

flee ; 
Proclaimed himself the heir to France ; — was victor at Crecy. 
'Twas there the Black Prince won his spurs : the English 

took Calais ; 
Defeated Scots at Neville's Cross, and French at Poitiers. 
Great Edward Third reigned fifty years ; was able, just and 

wise ; 
Gave England new commercial strength, by active enterprise. 
To us, this literary age has left how rich a dower, 
In Wickliffe and in Mandeville, in Chaucer and in Gower. 

Prince Edward's son, the second Richard, peacefully succeeds: Richard n. 
Increased taxation for the wars wide disaffection breeds ; 
Watt Tyler led a rebel mob, which speedily was quelled, 
And Henry, son of John of Gaunt, to foreign lands expelled, 



Returned in arms, and malcontents so gently he bespoke, 
The king, forsaken and deposed, gave way to Bolingbroke. 

HOUSE OF LANCASTER (1399 TO 1461). 

Henry iv. In thirteen hundred ninety-nine, this crafty Henry came, 
1399. 

But Lionel's great-grandson had a higher legal claim. 

The Percies, Earl of Douglas and Glendower, all combined, 

To youthful Edmund Mortimer the regal right assigned. 

With meagre force at Shrewsbury, rash Hotspur ventured all, 

Foreseeing not the tragic fate which swiftly did befall. 

Henry v. In fourteen-thirteen, jovial Hal, of riotous renown, 
I413 ' Cast off his old associates, as he put on the crown : 

Reviving England's claim to France, in shining armor dight, 
On far-famed field of Agincourt, he won a glorious fight. 
Then married Catherine of France ; as Regent, took the lead : 
'Twas said, when Charles the Sixth should die, King Henry 

should succeed. 
In fourteen hundred twenty-two, both Charles and Henry 
died ; 
Henry vi. Young Henry Sixth was then enthroned, the Dauphin set 
aside. 
The war rekindled, Joan of Arc, by spirit-voices led, 
To save her country, sought the field, where brave com- 
patriots bled. 
The siege of Orleans was raised, and Charles,* at Rheims was 

crowned, 
But, shame to France ! the high-souled maid a fiery death- 
bed found. 

The wife of timid Henry Sixth was Margaret of Anjou, 
As spirited and merciless as he was meek and true ; 

* Charles VII. of France. 



II 

The death of noble Gloucester,* and the loss of French es- 
tates, 

With Henry's incapacity, such discontent creates, 

That able Richard, Duke of York, Protector of the realm, 

Asserted his ancestral right to govern at the helm : 

And thus commenced a civil war which lasted thirty years ; wars of the 

Destroyed the old nobility, and drenched the land with tears. I455 _ s 1 e 4 S 8* s . 

'Twas called the War of Roses, for the Yorkists wore the 
white : 

The reigning house of Lancaster with red ones was bedight. 

At St. Albans and Northampton, Henry's force was put to 

rout ; 
While, at sanguinary Wakefield, fortune's wheel was turned 

about ; 

The vanquished Duke of York was killed, but Edward Edward iv. 

1461. 
Fourth, his son, 

Soon afterwards became the king, in fourteen sixty-one. 

Lancastrians still resisted, but by Towton's bloody field, House of 

And other sad reverses, their unhappy lot was sealed. 1461-1485. 

Then Warwick changed to Henry's side and he was rein- 
stalled ; 

The Earl, at Barnet overthrown, King Edward was recalled. 

At Tewkesbury, Margaret and her son fought bravely, but in 
vain ; 

The queen was taken to the Tower, — the young Prince Ed- 
ward slain. 

At Henry's death, Lancastrians relinquished every hope, 

And Edward, firmly seated, gave his vices fullest scope : 

He doomed his brother Clarence, died in fourteen eighty- 
three. 

The earliest English printed book in Edward's reign we see. 

* Pron. Gloster. 



12 

Then came the little princes, basely smothered in the Tower 

By their wicked uncle, Gloucester, who usurped the royal 
power. 
Richard in. King Richard's triumph was but short : — in fourteen eighty- 
five, 

He rode, all crowned, to Bosworth Field, but ne'er came off 
alive. 
Henry vii. " Long live King Henry ! " was the shout which signalized his 
fate, 

And which the haughty Tudor rule did thus inaugurate. 

The Tudors. Although Elizabeth of York became the monarch's wife, 

1485-1603. , .° ' 

Suspicion of the rival house embittered all his life. 

As Edward's * nephew Simnel posed ; and Warbeck, as his 

son. 
The " Yorkist Rose " (poor Warwick !) plucked, of white ones 

there were none. 
This avaricious Henry reigned till fifteen hundred nine. 
The usages of feudal times were then on the decline ; 
It was an age of great events : — America was found ; 
The Turks set foot in Europe ; ancient learning spread 

around ; 
The use of firearms changed the form of battle's stern array ; 
The art of printing ushered in a new and glorious day. 

Henry viii. The " Bluff King Hal," of martial fame so emulous and vain, 
Joined hands with Venice, Leo Tenth, and Ferdinand of 

Spain, 
Against King Louis Twelfth of France. James Fourth, on 

Flodden Field, 
With flower of Scotch nobility, his soul to God did yield. 

* Edward IV. 



13 

When Francis First and Charles the Fifth high potentates be- 
came, 

Each one desired upon his side inconstant Henry's name. 

The king, on " Field of Cloth of Gold," to Francis seemed a 
friend ; 

But Charles, by courting Wolsey, tried to gain his selfish end. 

As stout " Defender of the Faith " the monarch now appears, 

And of his right to Catherine has pious doubts and fears. 

For charming Mistress Boleyn,* Henry quarrels with the Pope, 

And Wolsey, humbled and disgraced, renounces earthly hope. 

Though England with the Church of Rome dissevers every 
tie, 

This " Glorious Reformation " brings no real liberty. 

The despot makes an end of all who dare to cross his path ; 

Poor Anne, with More and Surrey, falls the victim of his 
wrath. 

Jane Seymour, homely Anne of Cleves, Kate Howard, Cath- 
erine Parr, 

Of this " Blue Beard " in royal guise successive consorts are. 

In fifteen hundred forty-seven, the little son was crowned — Edward vi. 

Good Edward Sixth, for gentleness and piety renowned. 

His uncle, Somerset, controlled with almost kingly power, 

But, being charged with treason, was beheaded in the Tower. 

Northumberland, who followed, gave in marriage to his son 

The Lady Grey, and for her rights became the champion. 

For her, the passive Edward set his sister's claims aside ; 

And when in fifteen fifty-three, the feeble monarch died, 

His modest Cousin Jane was urged to take the vacant throne, 

But Catherine's daughter, Mary, seized upon it as her own. Mary. 

Proclaimed the Queen, she sent her foes to prison or the block, 

And soon to Holy See of Rome restored her wandering flock : 

*Pron Bullen. 



1553- 



H 

With Rogers, Ridley, Latimer, who perished at the stake, 
The contrite Cranmer suffered for his dear religion's sake. 
The Queen's detested husband, Philip Second, King of Spain, 
A war with France, by Mary's help, was able to maintain ; 
They gained St. Quentin's, but, alas ! they lost belov'd Calais, 
Which had been held by Englishmen since great King Ed- 
ward's day. 

Ere long, neglected Mary died, in fifteen fifty-eight ; 
Elizabeth. Elizabeth, the Virgin Queen, was then enthroned in state. 

She brought the Church of England back, — made every one 

conform. 
With his Armada, Philip sought the British Isle to storm. 
Brave Raleigh, Drake and Frobisher sailed o'er the Western 

Sea, 
And Shakespeare, Spenser, Bacon formed a brilliant galaxy. 
The lovely heir of James the Fifth, fair Mary, Queen of Scots, 
Was sentenced to a cruel fate for treasonable plots. 
The Queen assisted Henry Fourth against the Spanish might, 
And condemned the wayward Essex as a false and recreant 

knight ; 
His tragic death so wrought upon her tenderness and pride, 
That she, in sixteen hundred three, in bitter anguish died. 

STUART PERIOD (1603-1714). 

James 1. The Tudors ended, Tames the Sixth, the last of Scotland's 
1603- , . 

kings 

To England called, as James the First, the House of Stuart 

brings. 

This son of Mary, Queen of Scots, ill-mannered, but well-read, 

" The wisest fool in Europe " was, as Sully aptly said. 

His doctrine of authority by a divine decree, 

With English views of liberty did not at all agree. 



*5 

His cousin, Arabella, was proposed to take his place, 
And Raleigh, for complicity, was brought to deep disgrace. 
Guy Fawkes's match did not go off, his head went off instead, 
And king and Parliament were saved from consequences 

dread. 
Some colonists in sixteen seven, at Jamestown anchor cast, 
And Puritans to Plymouth went, despite the wintry blast. 
The Bible was translated by the fifty chosen men. 
James died in sixteen twenty-five, and Charles succeeded then. 

The folly of the father was transmitted to the son ; Charles I. 

And "right divine to govern wrong" was still insisted on. 
So, when the Parliament refused to grant the king's demands, 
He used most arbitrary means to carry out his plans. 
He forced on Scots and Puritans the English liturgy : 
The former signed their Covenant ; — the latter crossed the sea. 
Long Parliament was then convoked, and Strafford, Laud im- 
peached ; 
To civil war, in forty-two, the grievous quarrel reached. Ci ^^^' 

For six long years the contests rage, and Cromwell fiercely 

guides 
To victory, at Marston Moor, his famous Ironsides. 
In vain Prince Rupert and the King at Naseby hotly fought : 
And when, with Scots, the fugitive a safe asylum sought, 
They sold him to the Parliament. By "Pride's Purge" this 

was cleared 
Of Presbyterian members : so, derided " Rump " appeared : 
The fifty Independents rule, their fallen king arraign, 
Decree his death, and with his blood their country's annals 
stain. 



In sixteen hundred forty-nine, the Commonwealth arose : Cromwell. 

. . 1649. 

As Lord Protector, Cromwell ruled, and silenced all his foes ; 



i6 

Rebellious Ireland was subdued ; at Dunbar, Scots were beat ; 

And young Prince Charles, by them proclaimed, at Worces- 
ter * met defeat. 

He fled and wandered in disguise ; one day, the Royal Oak 

Concealed him from the searching eyes of the pursuing folk. 

Upon the sea, by Blake's success, proud England rode as 
queen, 

And not Van Tromp's defiant broom could sweep the Channel 
clean. 

Though Cromwell raised his country's fame to so exalted 
state, 

Renewed conspiracies and plots revealed the common hate. 

He dies in sixteen fifty-eight : his eldest son succeeds, 

But abdicates in fifty-nine, and Monk the army leads ; 

Unites contending factions, and a Parliament is called : 

The " Restoration " follows ; Charles the Second is installed. 

Charles ii. This merry, lazy, vicious king is well described as one 

" Who never foolish thing had said, nor ever wise one done." 
The too exultant people found their confidence abused ; 
The prodigal, to feed his purse, the meanest measures used, — 
As selling Dunkirk. With the Dutch was waged, at his com- 
mand, 
A war, in which the Duke of York obtained New Netherland. 
The " Dreadful Plague," the " London Fire " spread terror 

far and wide ; 
De Ruyter's ships sailed up the Thames and humbled Eng- 
land's pride. 
W 7 hen Clarendon was banished, came the bold Cabal's in- 
trigue : 
To thwart ambitious Louis'f schemes was formed the " Triple 
League." 

* Pron. Wooster. t Louis XIV. of France. 



i7 

The " Habeas Corpus Act " was passed ; the " Rye House 
Plot " devised : 

Charles died in sixteen eighty-five ; to James the throne de- 
mised. 

In Charles's time were Bunyan, Boyle, and Locke, and New- 
ton wise ; 

And Milton, groping in the dark, discovered Paradise. 

Of James, the claimant Monmouth, begged the life that James n. 

Sedgemoor spared, 
While "Lambs of Kirke " and "Tiger Jeffreys" feasts of 

blood prepared. 
The king displeased the populace by giving Papists power, 
And the bishops for rebellion were imprisoned in the Tower. 
The keen-eyed Prince of Orange, who was James's son-in-law, 
In all the spreading discontent his own advantage saw. 
Invited by the English, William landed at Torbay ; 
And James, deserted by his friends, stole hurriedly away. 

This " Glorious Revolution " was in sixteen eighty-eight ; wniiam and 
According to the " Bill of Rights " must William rule the state. 1688.' 
The banished king, with Louis'* aid, returned to push his 

cause, 
And first aroused the Irish, who received him with applause. 
He lost the "Battle of the Boyne," and fled to France again : 
The Scotch and Irish were dispersed, the Glencoe clan was 

slain. 
The naval battle of La Hogue decided James's fate ; 
But not till Peace of Ryswick did the French war terminate. 
Till seventeen two, King William ruled, a brave, sagacious 

man ; 
Then James's second daughter came, — the heavy, good Queen 

Anne. 

* Louis XIV. of France. 



i8 

Anne. The long '' Succession War," which filled this memorable 
1702. ° 

reign, 

Secured to Louis' grandson the disputed crown of Spain. 

Great genius did the Prince Eugene and Marlborough dis- 
play, 

At Ramillies and Oudenarde, Blenheim and Malplaquet. 

Gibraltar's frowning fortress fell, by British sailors won ; 

The '"Peace of Utrecht" made with France, announced the 
contest done. 

'Twas framed in seventeen thirteen, and the queen soon after 
died ; 

To this, the name "Augustan Age " has ever been applied. 

Swift, Addison, and Steele and Pope adorned their brilliant 
time, 

With stinging wit, and pungent thought, and cultivated rhyme. 

HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK (1714). 

In reign of Anne, the act was passed, which Scotland closely 
bound 

To England, with one parliament ; and, at her death, was 
crowned 
George i. The stolid George of Hanover, who true succession claims, 
I?I4 ' As being by the younger branch the great-grandson of 
James. 

The Chevalier St. George appeared to lead the Jacobites, 

And beacons burned, and pibrochs shrilled, on Scotland's 
craggy heights. 

But, though the Highlanders were roused, the English barely 
stirred, 

While those who favored James's cause sore punishment in- 
curred. 

Discomfited, he fled to France, which pledged itself to peace. 

In twenty-seven, from German George the English had release. 



The son, a little, hasty man, inherited the throne ; George n. 

But Caroline, his brilliant wife, with greater splendor shone. 
Though Walpole's counsel was for peace, George Second took 

the field, 
When wronged Theresa, Austria's Queen, to him her cause War of the 

& ' ^- Austrian 

appealed. Succession. 

. . 1740-1748. 

The valiant king won Dettingen, but Cumberland, his son, 

By Marshal Saxe, at Fontenoy, was signally outdone. 

Charles Edward, Young Pretender, came to press his father's 
right, 

And moving south from Preston Pans, filled London with af- 
fright. 

The battle of Culloden was the last on British soil, 

And, after it, the Stuarts ceased the country to embroil. 

The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, in seventeen forty-eight, 

Confirmed to proud Theresa her imperial estate. 

In Seven Years' War, with Prussian Frederick England stood Sev'n Years 

War. 

allied, 1756-1763. 

And Pitt, the mighty Commoner, the power of France defied. 
Her rule in North America received a deadly blow, 
And Robert Clive, in India, laid French ambition low. 
The splendid Plassy victory and Pondicherry's fall 
To English rule surrendered the Carnatic and Bengal. 

In seventeen sixty, Farmer George, a dull, but kindly man, ^JSao 11, 
His reign of sixty fruitful years auspiciously began. 
In sixty-three, by Paris Peace the Seven Years' War was closed, 
And on her well-earned laurels England thankfully reposed. 
But her restrictive policy in all colonial trade, 
And the taxes in America which she unjustly laid, 
Provoked another seven years' war : in seventeen eighty- 
three 
Th' United States from British rule became entirely free. 



20 

In seventeen eighty-nine, broke out the great revolt in France: 
All Europe joined to hold in check its wild extravagance. 
And when Poor Louis was no more, and Bonaparte aspired 
To universal sovereignty, the English heart was fired. 
Though younger William Pitt controlled, affairs went ill on 

land ; 
But England's mighty men-of-war no rival could withstand. 
Trafalgar and the Nile were won : the first cost Nelson's life ; 
And, while the continental powers fell helpless in the strife, 
Undaunted England stood alone, protected by the sea, 
And was, throughout Napoleon's reign, his bitter enemy. 
At last, in eighteen fifteen, the disturber of the world, 
By Wellington, at Waterloo, was from his empire hurled. 

While England's peace by foreign foes so grievously was vexed, 

Unruly Ireland, overpowered, to England was annexed. 

In eighteen twenty died the king, — deaf, sightless and insane ; 

George iv. His son, the Regent, George the Fourth, began a troubled 

1820-1830. 

reign. 

The " Nation's Darling," Charlotte, died: to Caroline's defence 

Lord Brougham woke the people, by his fervid eloquence. 

The English helped the Greeks throw off the heavy Turkish 

yoke, 

And Navarino's victory the slavish thraldom broke. 

O'Connel and Sir Robert Peel relieved the Catholics 

From laws restrictive, which forbade their share in politics. 

wniiam iv. In eighteen thirty, William Fourth, another son, succeeds ; 

1830-1837' 

The need of change in franchise law my Lord John Russell 
pleads. 

A bill is passed, by which the right of voting is to lie 
More widely with the middle class, and portioned equally. 
Throughout the British colonies the slaves are all set free. 
In eighteen thirty-seven, is raised to regal dignity 



21 

Victoria, the only child of Edward, Duke of Kent : Victoria. 

She could not rule in Hanover, which to her uncle went. 

The union of the Canadas was ultimately sealed ; 

Through zeal of Cobden and of Bright, the Corn Laws were 

repealed. 
The Chartists clamored for reform ; the hated opium trade 
Was forced by war on China, and the Nankin Treaty made. 
The English, threatened at Cabul, soon left Afghanistan ; 
Defeating Sikhs, they gained control o'er all of Hindostan. 
The French and English draw the sword in eighteen fifty-four, 
To make the Russian Nicholas his Turkish spoils restore. 
Against mail-clad Sebastopol a weary siege is laid ; War" 1 

Through Balaklava's valley sweeps the fated Light Brigade ; l854_l855 
The fortress Malakoff is stormed, in eighteen fifty-six ; 
To Paris Peace the warring powers their signatures affix. 

In India, in fifty-nine, rebellion raised its head, 

And Meerut, Delhi, Cawnpore, Nana's fiendish hordes o'er- 

spread. S bemo? e 

At Lucknow, Campbell's Highlanders saved Havelock's feeble l85 9- 

band, 
And Sepoy mutineers were crushed, through all the troubled 

land. 
The old East India Company then laid its sceptre down, 
And the guidance of the Empire was surrendered to the crown. 



War with 

China. 

i860. 



To white-winged ships of commerce China's ports were open 

thrown ; 

Japan, through Elgin's influence, gave entrance to her own. 
In Magdala, the British, bound in rock-based citadel, War. 

Were free once more, when Theodore, the wild usurper, fell. x868 - 
A brilliant, brief Ashantee war gives Wolseley early fame : ^74- 

The English and the Muscovite, Shere Ali's favors claim. A ^J r an 



22 

1878. The former twice invade Cabul to gain a safe frontier, 

And keep in check the only foe that they have cause to fear. 
Zulu War. The Zulus in South Africa, attack the colonists, 

i8 79 . But all their savage fury Wolseley gallantly resists. 
War in On Tel-el-Kebir's battle-ground he captures Arabi. 

Egypt. . 

In the Soudan, El Mahdi holds supreme ascendency. 

Conservatives and Liberals, in turn, have been in power : 

A Gladstone and a Beaconsfield have had their triumph hour. 

Though Albert died in '6i, Victoria lives to reign, 

And wields a wise, impartial sway o'er all her vast domain. 



23 



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THE SAXON LINE. 

Cerdic, the ancestor of the kings of England of the Saxon 
line and the ninth in descent from Woden, founded the king- 
dom of Wessex 519. From his son Cynric, King of Wessex, 
is descended, — Egbert, son of Ealhmund, King of Kent, who, 
previously to his advent to the throne, held a command in the 
army of Charlemagne. In 800, he was called to assume the 
government of Wessex, and he subsequently succeeded in 
bringing all the kingdoms of the Heptarchy under his sway. 

Egbert married Redburga. 

Issue. — Ethelwolf ; Athelstan, who had Kent and Essex ; 
Editha. 

Ethelwolf married, first, Osburga, daughter of Oslake, Great 
Butler of England ; secondly, Judith, daughter Charles the 
Bald, King of France. 

Ethelbald married his father's widow, Judith. 

Alfred married Elswitha, daughter of Ethelred the Great, 
Ealdorman of Mercia. 

Issue. — Edward the Elder; Ethelward ; Ethelfleda ; Ethel- 
giva ; Alfritha, who married Baldwin, Count of Flanders, and 
was great-great-great-grandmother of Baldwin V., Count of 
Flanders, whose daughter Matilda married William the Con- 
queror. 

Edward the Elder married, first, Egwina, daughter of a 
neat-herd ; their children were Athelstan and Editha ; sec- 
ondly, Elfreda, daughter of Earl Ethelhelm ; her daughter 
Egwina married Charles the Simple, King of France, and was 
by him mother of Giselle, first wife of the Norman, Rollo. 
Another daughter, Ethelda, married Hugh the Great, Count 
of Paris : Editha married the Emperor Otto I. The third 
3 



42 

wife of Edward the Elder was Edgiva, daughter of Earl 
Sigelline of Kent. They had three sons : Edmund, who suc- 
ceeded his brother Athelstan ; Edred, and Elfred, died 
young ; and two daughters, Edgiva and Thyra. 

Athelstan, first monarch of England. At the age of thirty, 
by the splendid victory of Brunanburgh, he crushed his ene- 
mies and achieved the sovereignty of the whole island. 

Edmund married, first, Elgiva ; secondly, Ethelfleda. By 
the former he had Edwy and Edgar. 

Edwy married Elgiva, of the blood royal. 

Edgar married, first, Elfleda, daughter of Ordman, a noble- 
man of East Anglia, by whom he had a son, Edward, his suc- 
cessor ; secondly, Eifrida, daughter of Ordgar, Earl of Devon, 
by whom he had a son, Ethelred. 

Ethelred II. married, first, Elgiva, daughter of Thored, an 
English earl. Edmund, their son, succeeded, and Edwy was 
slain by the order of Canute. Secondly, Emma, called for 
her beauty, "The Pearl of Normandy," daughter of Richard 
I., Duke of Normandy. By her (who married, secondly, King 
Canute) he had Alfred, slain by Earl Godwin ; Edward the 
Confessor, who married Editha, daughter of Earl Godwin. 
Edward died without issue, and was the last Saxon king of 
the ancient blood royal of Cerdic. 

Edmund Ironside married Algita, widow of Segeferth, a 
Danish Thane. His son, Edmund, married Agatha, daughter 
of Solomon, King of Hungary, who protected and educated 
him ; Edward married Agatha, daughter of Henry II., Em- 
peror of Germany. Their children were, Edgar Atheling, who 
married Margaret, sister of Malcolm III., King of Scotland ; 
Margaret (married Malcolm III.); Christiana. 



43 

Godwin, Earl of Kent, d. 1053, married Githa, granddaughter 
of Harold Blatant, father of Sweyn. 

Issue. — Editha, married Edward the Confessor ; Harold, 
married Agatha, daughter of Earl of Mercia ; Tosti, Earl of 
Northumberland, married Judith, daughter of Baldwin IV., 
Count ©f Flanders. 

NORMAN LINE. 

Rollo the Dane (died 931) married, first, Poppa, daughter 
of Berengarius, Count of Bayeux ; secondly, Gisela, daughter 
of Charles the Simple. By the former he had William, sur- 
named Longa-Spartha, Duke of Normandy, who married 
Adela, daughter of Hubert, Count of Senlis, and left a son and 
successor, Richard I., Duke of Normandy, who married 
Gunilda, a Danish lady. Their son Richard succeeded ; 
their daughter Emma married, first, Ethelred, King of Eng- 
land ; secondly, Canute the Great. 

Richard II., Duke of Normandy, married Judith, daughter of 
the Duke of Brittany. His daughter Eleanor married Baldwin 
IV., Count of Flanders ; their son was Baldwin V., Count of 
Flanders ; who married Adela, daughter of Robert, King of 
France, son of Hugh Capet, and whose daughter Matilda mar- 
ried William, Duke of Normandy. 

Duke Richard married, secondly, Eslrith, sister of Canute 
the Dane. He died 1026 and was succeeded by his eldest son, 
Richard III., Duke of Normandy, who was succeeded by his 
brother, Robert le Diable. The latter had a son, William, by 
Arlotta, the daughter of an officer in his household. Before 
his departure to the Crusades, he prevailed on an Assembly of 
the Barons to acknowledge him as heir to the Duchy. 



44 

William the Conqueror, born 1025, married Matilda, daugh- 
ter of Baldwin V., Count of Flanders. 

Issue. — Robert Courthose, who succeeded to the Duchy of 
Normandy ; Richard, killed by a stag in the New Forest ; 
William Rufus ; Henry Beauclerc ; Cecilia ; Constance, mar- 
ried Duke of Brittany ; Alice; Adela, married Stephen, Count 
of Blois ; Agatha ; Gundred. 

William II., Rufus, born 1056, was not married. 

Henry I., born 1070, married, first, Matilda, daughter of 
Malcolm III. of Scotland ; secondly, Adelais, daughter of 
Godfrey, Duke of Louvaine, by whom he had no issue. 

Stephen, born n 04, married Matilda, daughter of Eustace, 
Count of Boulogne. 

Issue. — Eustace, Count of Boulogne, who married Con- 
stance, daughter of Louis VI., of France, and died before his 
father ; William, Count of Boulogne, and other children, none 
of whom survived him. 

Henry II., Curt, or Shortmantle, born 1133, married Elea- 
nor, the divorced Queen of Louis VII. of France. Issue. — 
William, died an infant ; Henry married Margaret, daughter 
of Louis VII. of France, and died before his father ; Geoffrey 
married Constance, daughter of Conan le Petit, Earl of Rich- 
mond and Duke of Brittany (he was killed at a tournament) ; 
Matilda married Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony, and be- 
came the ancestress of George I. ; Eleanor married Alphonso 
VIII., King of Castile, and was mother of Blanche, Queen of 
Louis VIII. of France ; Joan married, first, William II., King 
of Sicily ; secondly Raymond, Count of Toulouse. 

Richard L, Cceur de Lion, born 1 157, married at Cyprus, 
Berengaria, daughter of Sancho the Wise, King of Navarre. 
Richard was made King of Cyprus and Jerusalem. 



45 

John, Lackland, born 1166, married, first, Isabella, daughter 
of William, Earl of Gloucester (was divorced on the ground of 
consanguinity); secondly, Isabella, daughter of Aymer Taille- 
fer, Count of Angouleme. Their children were : Joan, married 
Alexander II., King of Scotland ; Eleanor, married, first, 
William, Earl of Pembroke ; secondly, Simon Montfort, 
Earl of Leicester ; Isabella, married Frederick II., Emperor 
of Germany. 

Henry III., Winchester, born 1206, married Eleanor, daugh- 
ter of Raymond Berenger, Count of Provence (her sister Mar- 
garet married St. Louis, King of France). His daughter 
Margaret married Alexander III. of Scotland ; Beatrice mar- 
ried John, Duke of Brittany. 

Edward I., Longshanks, born 1239, married, first, Eleanor, 
daughter of Ferdinand III. of Castile ; secondly, Margaret, 
daughter of Philip III. of France. The children of his first 
wife were: Henry, died young; Alphonso ; Edward II.; 
Eleanor, married, first, Alphonso, King of Aragon ; secondly, 
Comte de Bar in France (by the latter she was mother of 
Lady Eleanor, who married Llewelyn ap Owen, Lord of 
South Whales, and who became grandmother of Margaret, 
married to Meredith ap Tudor ; their son was Owen Tudor, 
grandfather of Henry VII.). Margaret married John, Duke 
of Brabant ; Joan married Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Glouces- 
ter and Hereford ; Elizabeth married, first, John, Earl of 
Holland and Zealand ; secondly, Humphrey de Bohun, Earl 
of Hereford and Essex. 

By his second wife Edward had Thomas Brotherton, Earl 
of Norfolk, and first Earl Marshal of England, and Edmund 
of Woodstock, Earl of Kent. 

Edward II.. of Woodstock, Earl of Norfolk and Kent, sur- 



4 6 

named Caernarvon, born 1284, married Isabel, daughter 
of Philip IV. of France. His daughter, Jane, married David 
II. of Scotland ; Eleanor married the Count de Gueldres. 

Edward III., Windsor, born 1312, married Philippa, daugh- 
ter of William of Hainault and Holland (Jane, the mother of 
Philippa, was great-granddaughter of Louis IX. of France). 

Isabelle, daughter of Edward and Philippa, married the 
Earl of Bedford ; Joan of the Tower was contracted in mar- 
riage with Alphonso, King of Castile, but died of the plague, 
before the solemnization ; Mary married the Duke of Brit- 
tany ; Margaret married the Earl of Pembroke. 

Edward, the Black Prince, born 1330, married Joan, the 
Fair Maid of Kent. 

Issue. — Edward of Angouleme, who died young, and 
Richard. 

Richard II., born 1366, married, first, Anne of Bohemia, 
daughter of Emperor Charles IV.; secondly, Eleanor Isabelle, 
daughter of Charles VI. of France. No children. 

Lionel, Duke of Clarence, married, first, Elizabeth de 
Burgh, great-granddaughter of Edmund Crouchback ; sec- 
ondly, Violante, daughter of Galeasius, Duke of Milan. Lionel 
died in Piedmont 1398. 

By his first wife he had Philippa, who married Edmund 
Mortimer, Earl of March. 

Roger Mortimer, son of Philippa and Edmund Mortimer, 
was declared heir-apparent to the crown 1385, but was killed 
in Ireland 1398. Richard II., previous to his last voyage to 
Ireland, declared Edmund Mortimer heir-apparent. He was 
trusted and employed by Henry V. during his reign, and died 



47 

of the plague at his castle at Trim, in Ireland, 1424, being 
only 32 years old. 

Elizabeth, daughter of Philippa and Edmund Mortimer, mar- 
ried Henry Percy, Hotspur. 

Roger Mortimer married Eleanora, daughter of Thomas, 
Earl of Kent. 

Edmund Mortimer married Anne, daughter of Edmund, or 
fifth Earl of Stafford. 

John Plantagenet, of Gaunt (born 1340, died 1399); mar- 
ried, first, Blanche of Lancaster ; secondly, Constance of 
Castile, daughter of Pedro the Cruel; thirdly, Catherine Swyn- 
ford, sister of Chaucer. He assumed in right of Constance, 
his second wife, the title of Castile and Leon. He was also 
Duke of Lancaster, Earl of Richmond, Derby, Lincoln and 
Leicester. He abandoned his claim to the throne of Castile, 
in consideration of a large sum of money and the marriage of 
his daughter by Constance, Katherine, to Henry, Prince of 
Asturias, afterwards Henry III., King of Castile and Leon. 

By his first wife John had Henry ; Elizabeth, who married 
John Holland, Duke of Exeter ; Philippa, married John, King 
of Portugal (from this marriage descended Mary lsabelle, 
Queen of Spain ; Ferdinand, King of Naples ; Pedro, Empe- 
ror of the Brazils ; Frederick Augustus, King of Saxony ; the 
Emperor of Austria and the Grand Duke of Tuscany). 

The children of John and Catherine were : John de Beau- 
fort, first Earl of Somerset, who married Margaret, daughter 
of Thomas Holland, Earl of Kent ; Henry, Bishop of Lincoln 
and Winchester ; Thomas, Duke of Exeter ; Joan, who mar- 
ried Ralph, Earl of Westmoreland (their grandson was War- 
wick, the King-Maker). 



4 8 

The children of John Beaufort and Margaret were : Henry 
Beaufort, second Earl of Somerset ; John Beaufort, third 
Earl of Somerset, who married Margaret, daughter of Sir John 
Beauchamp, and whose daughter was Margaret, who married 
Edmund Tudor ; Edmund, fourth Earl of Somerset, married 
Lady Alianor Beauchamp, co-heiress with Ralph, Earl of 
Westmoreland ; Joan married James I., King of Scotland ; 
Margaret married Thomas, Earl of Devon. 

Edmund Plantagenet, Duke of York, surnamed Langley, 
from the place of his birth, was created by his father, Earl 
of Cambridge, and by his nephew, Richard II., Duke of York. 
He married, first, Isabel, daughter of Pedro the Cruel, King 
of Castile and Leon, by whom he had : Edward, his successor 
in the Dukedom of York, created by Richard II. Duke of 
Aumerle (he fell at Agincourt) ; Richard of Conisburgh, who 
succeeded to the Earldom of Cambridge, and was beheaded at 
Southampton, 1415, for conspiring against Henry IV., when 
the Earldom of Cambridge became forfeited. He married 
Anne, sister of Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March, by whom 
he had : Richard, who succeeded his uncle as Duke of 
York, and Isabel, who married Henry Bouchier, Earl of 
Essex. Richard was restored to the Earldom of Cambridge 
and allowed to inherit as third Duke of York. He married 
Cicely, daughter of Ralph Nevil, Earl of Westmoreland. 

Their children were : Edward IV. ; Edmund, Earl of 
Rutland, murdered at the age of 12, by Lord Clifford, after 
the Battle of Wakefield ; George, Duke of Clarence, married 
Isabelle, daughter of Earl of Warwick ; Anne ; Margaret, 
married Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, and became the 
patron of Caxton and the unrelenting foe of Henry VII.; 
Richard III.; Elizabeth, married John de la Pole, Duke of 
Suffolk. Their son, the Earl of Lincoln, was declared by 
Richard III. his successor, after the death of his own son. 



49 

Henry IV., Bolingbroke, born 1367. He was created Earl 
of Hereford, after his marriage with Mary, daughter of 
Humphrey, last Earl of Hereford. When he came to the 
throne, his great inheritance with the Dukedom of Lancaster 
and the Earldoms of Hereford, Derby, Lincoln and Leicester, 
merged in the crown. He married, secondly, Isabella Joan, 
daughter of Charles the Bad, King of Navarre, and widow of 
John V., Duke of Bretagne. Issue, by his first wife only, — 
Henry ; Thomas, Duke of Clarence ; Humphrey, Duke of 
Gloucester ; John, Duke of Bedford ; Blanche ; Philippa. 

His son, John, Duke of Bedford, Regent of France, 
married, first, Anne, daughter of John, Duke of Burgundy ; 
secondly, Jacqueline, daughter of Peter of Luxemburgh. 

Her daughter, by her second husband, Sir Richard Wyde- 
ville was Elizabeth, who married Edward IV. 

Henry's daughter, Blanche, married, first, Duke of Bava- 
ria ; secondly, King of Aragon ; thirdly, Duke de Baar. His 
daughter, Philippa, married Eric XIII., King of Denmark. 

Henry V., Monmouth, born 1388 married Catherine, 
daughter of Charles VI., of France. 

Henry VI., Windsor, born 142 1, was crowned King of 
England and France, in 1429 at Westminster, and at Paris in 
1430. His father-in-law, Rene, Duke of Anjou, was titular 
King of Sicily, Naples, and Jerusalem, and was great-grandson 
of John, King of France. 

Issue. — Edward, killed by Richard, Duke of Gloucester. 

Edward IV., born 1441, married Lady Elizabeth Grey, 
daughter of Sir Richard Wydeville. 

Issue. — Edward V. (born 1470, murdered 1483), reigned two 
months and twelve days of the year 1483. Although pro- 
chimed king a few days after his father's death, he was never 



50 

crowned; Richard, Duke of York, born 1472; Elizabeth 
married Henry VII.; George, Duke of Bedford, died young ; 
Cicely ; Anne ; Bridget ; Mary ; Catherine. 

Richard III., Crookback, born 1450, married Anne Neville, 
daughter of Earl of Warwick, and widow of Edward, son of 
Henry VI. 

Issue. — Edward ; died 1484. 

Henry VII., Tudor, born 1455; married Elizabeth, daughter 
of Edward IV. 

His son, Arthur, married Catherine, daughter of Ferdi- 
nand of Aragon, and died 1502. 

Henry VIII., born 1491; married: first (1509), Catherine of 
Aragon, widow of his brother, Arthur; secondly (1532), 
Anne, daughter of Sir Thomas Boleyn ; thirdly (1536), Jane 
Seymour, daughter of Sir John Seymour ; fourthly (January, 
1539), Anne, daughter of John, Duke of Cleves, was divorced 
in July of the same year ; fifthly (August, 1540), Katherine, 
daughter of Sir Edmund Howard and own cousin of Anne 
Boleyn, she was beheaded, February, 1542 ; sixthly (1543), 
Katherine, daughter of Sir Thomas Parr, and relict of the 
Hon. Edward Borough and of John Neville, Lord Latimer. 

By his first wife he had Mary, and three sons and a 
daughter, who died in infancy ; by Anne Boleyn, he had 
Elizabeth ; and by Jane Seymour, Edward. 

Anne of Cleves, died 1557, and was buried in Westminster 
Abbey. 

Edward VI., born 1537. He was not married. 

Mary I., born 15 16 ; married, 1554, Philip II., son of 
Charles V., Emperor of Germany. Their titles were : Philip 
and Mary by the Grace of God, King and Queen of England 
and France, Naples, Jerusalem and Ireland, Defenders of 



5* 

the Faith, Princes of Spain and Sicily, Archdukes of Austria, 
Duke of Milan, Burgundy and Brabant, etc. 

Elizabeh, born 1533, was not married. 

James I., born 1566, married Anne, daughter of Frederick 
II. of Denmark. 

Issue. — Henry, died 16 12 ; Charles I. ; Robert of Carrick ; 
Margaret ; Mary ; Sophia, died young. 

Charles I., born 1600 ; married Henrietta Maria, daughter 
of Henry IV. of France. 

His son, Henry, Duke of Gloucester, died 1660. Eliza- 
beth died of grief, a prisoner in Carrisbrook Castle, aged 15. 

Oliver Cromwell, born 1599, married Elizabeth, daughter 
of Sir J. Bouchier of Essex. 

Issue. — Richard ; Henry ; and four daughters. 

Charles II., born 1630, married the Infanta Catherine, 
daughter of John IV., of Portugal, by whom he had no issue. 

James II., born 1663, married, first, Anne, eldest daughter 
of Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon ; secondly, Mary Beatrice 
D'Este, daughter of Alphonso III., Duke of Modena. By 
his first wife, he had Mary and Anne ; Charles ; James ; 
Charles-; Edgar ; Henrietta ; and Catherine, who died young. 
By his second wife, he had James Francis Edward, born 16S8 
(the Chevalier St. George, or The Pretender), who married 
Mary, daughter of Prince James Sobieski (son of John, King 
of Poland). 

Their children were: Charles Edward (died 1788), mar- 
ried Louisa Maximiliana, Princess Stohlberg ; Henry Bene- 
dict, Cardinal York (died 1807); Charles ; Catherine ; Isabel ; 
Elizabeth ; Charlotte (died young) ; Louise, died unmarried. 



52 

William III., the posthumous son of William, Prince of 
Orange, by Mary, eldest daughter of Charles I. 

The period between December n, 1688, and February 13, 
1689, when William and Mary commenced their reign, was 
called " The Interregnum." 

They had no children. 

Anne, second daughter of James II., born 1665, married 
Prince George of Denmark, second son of Frederick III. 
He was not allowed to assume the title of king, but was 
styled " His Highness, Prince George." All their seventeen 
children died in infancy, except William, who lived to be 
eleven years old. 

George I., Guelph, Elector of Hanover and Duke of Bruns- 
wick Luneburgh, born 1660, was the eldest son of Ernest 
Augustus, Elector of Hanover, by Sophia, granddaughter of 
James I. He married, 1682, his cousin, the Princess Sophia 
Dorothea, daughter of George William, Duke of Zelle, and 
was divorced, 1694. 

George II., born 16S3, married Wilhelmina Carolina, 
daughter of John Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburgh- 
Anspach. Issue. — Anne, married William, Prince of Orange ; 
Mary married Frederick, Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel • Louisa 
married Frederick V., King of Denmark ; Amelia ; Elizabeth. 

His eldest son Frederick (died 175 1) married Augusta, 
daughter of Frederick II., Duke of Saxe-Gotha. 

George III., born 1738, married Charlotte Sophia, Princess 
of Mecklenburg Strelitz. His daughter Charlotte married 
the King of Wurtemburg ; Edward, Duke of Kent, married 
Princess Victoria of Leiningen, sister of Leopold, husband of 



53 

Queen Charlotte. Ernest married Frederica, daughter of the 
Duke of Mecklenburg Strelitz ; Elizabeth married the Land- 
grave of Hesse-Homburg ; Mary married her cousin, the Duke 
of Gloucester ; Augusta ; Sophia ; Octavius ; Alfred ; Amelia. 

George IV., born 1762, married Caroline of Brunswick 
(died 1821). 

Their daughter Charlotte (died 18 17) married Prince 
Leopold of Saxe-Coburg, afterwards King of Belgium. 

William IV., married Adelaide, daughter of the Duke of 
Saxe-Meiningen. 

Issue. — Two daughters who died in infancy. 

William, as Prince, was Lord High Admiral of England. 

Victoria Alexandrina, Queen of the United Kingdom of 
Great Britain and Ireland, and of its Colonies and Depend- 
encies in Europe, Asia, Africa, America and Oceanica, Em- 
press of India, Defender of the Faith, was the only daughter 
of Edward, Duke of Kent. She was born May 24, 18 19, 
raised to the throne June 20, 1837, crowned June 28, 1838, 
and married February 10, 1840, to her cousin, Francis Albert, 
Duke of Saxony and Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (born 
August 26, 1819, died December 14, 1861). 

Issue. — 1. Victoria Adelaide Mary Louise, Princess Royal, 
born 1840 ; married, 1858, Prince Frederick William of Prus- 
sia, only son of William Louis, Emperor of Germany and 
King of Prussia. 

2. Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, Duke of Saxony, of 
Cornwall and Rothesay, Earl of Chester, Carrick and Dublin, 
Baron of Renfrew and Lord of the Isles, Prince of Saxe- 
Coburg and Gotha, Great Steward of Scotland, born Novem- 
ber 9, 1 841, married, March 10, 1863, Princess Alexandra, 



54 

daughter of Christian IX., of Denmark (born December i, 
1844). 

3. Alice Maud Mary, born 1843, married Prince Charles 
Louis (since Grand Duke) of Hesse Darmstadt, died 1878. 

4. Alfred Ernest, Duke of Edinburgh, born 1844, married, 
1874, the Arch-Duchess Marie Alexandrovna, only daughter 
of Alexander II., Emperor of Russia. 

5. Helena Augusta Victoria, born 1846, married Prince 
Christian of Schleswig-Holstein. 

6. Louise Carolina Alberta, born 1848, married, 1871, John 
Douglas Sutherland Campbell, Marquis of Lome, late Gov- 
ernor-General of the Dominion of Canada, eldest son of the 
Duke of Argyll. 

7. Arthur William Patrick Albert, born 1850, Duke of 
Connaught and Strathearn, Earl of Sussex, married, 1879, the 
Princess Louise Margaret, third daughter of His Royal High- 
ness Prince Frederick Charles of Prussia. 

8. Leopold George Duncan Albert, born 1853, Baron 
Arklow, Earl of Clarence and Duke of Albany, married 
Princess Helene of Waldeck, daughter of His Serene High- 
ness George Victor, reigning Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont, 
died 1884. 

9. Beatrice Mary Victoria Feodore, born 1857, married, 
July, 1885, Prince Henry of Battenberg. His elder brother 
married the daughter of Princess Alice. 

Children of Victoria and Frederick William : 

Frederick William Victor Albert, born 1859; married, 1881, 



55 

the Princess Augusta Victoria, eldest daughter of the Grand 
Duke of Schleswig-Holstein. 

Albert William Henry, born 1862. 

Francis Frederick Sigismund, born 1864, died 1866, 

Joachim Frederick Ernest Waldemar, born 1868, died 1879, 

Victoria Elizabeth Augusta Charlotte, born i860; married, 
1878, Bernard, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Meiningen, and has 
issue Feodora Victoria, born 1879, 

Frederika Amelia Wilhelmina Victoria, born 1866, 

Sophie Dorothea Ulrique Alice, born 1870, 

Margaretta Beatrice Feodore, born 1872. 

Children of Albert Edward : 
Albert Victor Christian Edward, born 1864, 
George Frederick Ernest Albert, born 1865, 
Louise Victoria Alexandra Dagmar, born 1867, 
Victoria Alexandra Olga Marie, born 1868, 
Maud Charlotte Marie Victoria, born 1869, 
Alexander John Charles Albert, born 1871. 

Children of Alice : 

Ernest Louis Christian Albert William, Hereditary Grand 
Duke of Hesse, born 1868, 

Friedrich Wilhelm August Victor Leopold Ludwig, accident- 
ally killed 1873, 

Victoria Alberta Elizabeth Matilda Mary, born 1863, 

Elizabeth Alexandria Louise Alice, born 1864, 

Irene Mary Louise Anna, born 1866, 

Victoria Alice Helene Louise Beatrice, born 1872, 

Marie Victoria Feodore Leopoldine, born 1874, died 1878. 

Children of Alfred : 

Alfred Alexander William Ernest Albert, born 1874, 

Marie Alexandra Victoria, born 1875, 



56 

Victoria Melita, born 1877, 

Alexandrina Louise Olga Victoria, bom 1878. 

Children of Helena : 

Christian Victor Albert Ludwig Ernest, born 1867, 
Albert John Christian Frederick Alfred George, born 1869, 
Frederick Christian Augustus Leopold Edward Harold, 

born 1876, died 1876, 

Victoria Louise Sophie Augusta Amelia Helena, born 1870, 
Franziska Josepha Louise Augusta Marie Christiana Helena, 

born 1872. 

Daughter of Leopold, Alice Marie Victoria Augusta Pauline, 
born 1883. 



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